Macular degeneration is a common eye condition that affects millions of people worldwide, and in Oregon. As you know, there are mainly two types of macular degeneration: dry and wet. Its important to know the difference between the two.

Dry Macular Degeneration: Gradual Vision Loss

Dry macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is the most common form of macular degeneration. It occurs when small yellow deposits, called drusen, accumulate beneath the retina. Drusen are made up of waste materials and protein that can impair the normal functioning of the macula over time. This leads to a gradual loss of central vision. Importantly, everyone starts with dry AMD, and some progress to wet AMD.

Symptoms: In the early stages, dry macular degeneration may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, you may experience blurred or hazy vision, difficulty recognizing faces or reading, the need for brighter light while performing tasks, and decreased color perception.

Causes: The exact cause of dry macular degeneration is not fully understood. However, advancing age, genetic factors, smoking, high blood pressure, and a diet lacking in certain nutrients like vitamins C and E, zinc, and antioxidants may increase the risk of developing this condition.

Treatment: Currently, there is no cure for dry macular degeneration. However, certain lifestyle changes may help slow down its progression. These include quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fish, maintaining normal blood pressure, and wearing sunglasses to protect the eyes from harmful UV rays. Regular eye exams are crucial for monitoring the condition and detecting any changes or complications.

Recently the FDA approved Syfovre, the first ever medicine to slow advanced dry macular degeneration.

Wet Macular Degeneration: Rapid Vision Loss

Wet macular degeneration, also known as neovascular macular degeneration, is less common but more severe than the dry form. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and leak fluid, blood, and other substances that can damage the macula. This leads to a rapid and significant loss of central vision.

Symptoms: The symptoms of wet macular degeneration can appear suddenly and progress rapidly. They may include distorted or wavy vision, a dark or empty area in the center of your visual field, difficulties with fine details or reading, and an increased sensitivity to light or glare.

Causes: The growth of abnormal blood vessels in wet macular degeneration is primarily triggered by the body's attempt to compensate for the lack of nutrients and oxygen reaching the macula due to the dry form of the disease. Genetic factors, smoking, and high blood pressure can also increase the risk of developing wet macular degeneration.

Treatment: Unlike dry macular degeneration, there are treatment options available for wet macular degeneration. These include anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections, which help block the growth of abnormal blood vessels and reduce fluid leakage. Laser therapy may be used in certain cases to seal leaking blood vessels. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment and preservation of vision.

Conclusion

While both dry and wet macular degeneration affect the macula and can cause substantial vision impairment, they differ in terms of progression, symptoms, and available treatment options. Both are common in Oregon and the Oregon Coast. Dry macular degeneration progresses gradually and currently has no cure, whereas wet macular degeneration can cause rapid vision deterioration but can be treated with various interventions. Regular eye exams and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are vital for managing both forms of this condition and preserving visual function.

Dr. Peter Karth is a expert on all aspects of dry and wet macular degeneration and their treatments